高超声速稀薄环境FLEET测速技术评估

张隽研; 李博; 沙心国; 黄炳修; 梁密生; 甘才俊

doi:10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33642

航空学报 >

0 1 - 0

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33642

高超声速稀薄环境FLEET测速技术评估

张隽研 ,
李博 ,
沙心国 ,
黄炳修 ,
梁密生 ,
甘才俊

展开

1. 中国航天空气动力技术研究院
2. 天津大学
3. 北京信息科技大学

收稿日期: 2026-03-31

修回日期: 2026-05-13

网络出版日期: 2026-05-14

基金资助

国家自然科学基金联合基金项目;稳定支持计划

收起

Evaluation of FLEET velocimetry in hypersonic rarefied environments

ZHANG Juan-Yan ,
LI Bo ,
SHA Xin-Guo ,
HUANG Bing-Xiu ,
LIANG Mi-Sheng ,
GAN Cai-Jun

Expand

Received date: 2026-03-31

Revised date: 2026-05-13

Online published: 2026-05-14

Supported by

National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund Program;Steady Support Project

Fold

摘要

高超声速低密度风洞是新一代临近空间和极低轨飞行器开展地面实验、精准设计气动外形的关键设备，其流场速度极快(Ma>20)、密度极低(10-5 kg/m3)，气体分子易发生振动能冻结现象，导致传统的介入式测速方法测量偏差较大。飞秒激光电子激发标记(femtosecond laser electronexcitation tagging, FLEET)测速技术通过电离气体分子并采集电离通道位置变化，有望实现流场速度高精度测量，但受风洞外部环境即洞体构型所限，国内尚未实现大尺寸高超声速低密度风洞的速度直接测量。本文提出整形广场增强的分子激发方法，在中国航天空气动力技术研究院Φ1m高超声速低密度风洞中搭建了可精密调谐的飞秒激光传输与聚焦装置，开展了系列FLEET测速实验研究，分析了不同压力和不同延迟下的光丝形貌特征。获得了大尺寸、高马赫数(Ma>20)、极低压(静压0.1Pa量级)流场的FLEET测速结果，并与传统皮托管测速结果进行对比。结果表明：Ma=10.58工况下，FLEET测速结果与皮托管测速结果偏差为1.24%，验证了该技术在1Pa量级低压环境下的适用性；Ma=22.18工况下，两种技术的测量偏差为10.65%，极低气压下严重的荧光扩散效应和显著的振动能冻结可能是造成该偏差的主要原因。该实验装置的顺利搭建与运行，将进一步推动我国在临近空间和极低轨地面测试技术的发展。

关键词： 高超声速; 稀薄气体; 低密度风洞; FLEET; 速度测量

本文引用格式

张隽研 , 李博 , 沙心国 , 黄炳修 , 梁密生 , 甘才俊 . 高超声速稀薄环境FLEET测速技术评估[J]. 航空学报, 0 : 1 -0 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2026.33642

Abstract

Hypersonic low-density wind tunnels are critical facilities for ground-based experiments and precise aerodynamic design of near-space and very-low-orbit aircraft. These tunnels feature extremely high flow velocities (Ma > 20) and extremely low densities (10?? kg/m3), where molecular vibrational energy frozen readily occurs, leading to significant measurement errors in conventional intrusive velocimetry methods. Femtosecond Laser Electron Excitation Tagging (FLEET) enables high-precision flow velocity measurement by ionizing gas molecules and tracking the displacement of the ionized channel. However, due to constraints imposed by the external tunnel configuration, direct velocity measurements in large-scale hypersonic low-density wind tunnels have not yet been achieved in China. In this study, we propose a shaped electric field-enhanced molecular excitation method and establish a precisely tunable femtosecond laser transmission and focusing system in the Φ1 m hypersonic low-density wind tunnel at the China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics. A series of FLEET velocimetry experiments were conducted, and the morphological characteristics of the filament under varying pressure and delay conditions were analyzed. FLEET velocity measurements were successfully obtained in a large-scale flow field characterized by high Mach numbers (Ma > 20) and extremely low static pressure (on the order of 0.1 Pa). The results were compared with conventional Pitot tube measurements. At Ma = 10.58, the deviation between FLEET and Pitot tube measurements was 1.24%, demonstrating the applicability of this technique in low-pressure environments on the order of 1 Pa. At Ma = 22.18, the deviation increased to 10.65%. Severe fluorescence diffusion and significant vibrational energy frozen under extremely low pressure are likely the main causes of this discrepancy. The successful implementation and operation of this experimental system will further advance the development of ground-based testing technologies for near-space and very-low-orbit applications in China.

Key words： hypersonic; rarefied gas; low-density wind tunnel; FLEET; velocimetry measurement

参考文献

[1] 朱广生, 段毅, 姚世勇, 等. 跨流域高速飞行器气动设计研究现状及思考[J]. 宇航学报, 2023, 44(3):358-367.
ZHU G S, DUAN Y, YAO S Y, et al. Research status and consideration on aerodynamic design of hypersonic flight vehicle covering various flow regimes [J]. Journal of Astronautics. 2023, 44(3):358-367 (in Chinese).
[2] 易仕和, 陈植, 朱杨柱, 等. (高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2015, 36(1): 98-119.
YI S H, CHEN Z,ZHU Y Z, et al. Progress on experi-mental techniques and studies of hypersonic/supersonic flows[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2015, 36(1): 98-119 (in Chinese).
[3] ANDERSON A, MATTHEWS R K, MAUS J R, et al. Description and flow characterization of hypersonic facilities[R]. Tennessee: AEDC, 1994.
[4] 栗继伟, 罗凯, 尚甲豪, 等. 高超声速流场激光测速技术研究进展[J]. 力学学报, 2024, 56(4): 890-914.
LI J W, LUO K, SHANG J H. Research progress of laser diagnostics for velocimetry in hypersonic flows[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2024, 56(4): 890-914 (in Chinese).
[5] 张艳艳, 巩轲, 何淑芳等. 激光多普勒测速技术进展[J]. 激光与红外, 2010, 40(11): 6.
ZHANG Y Y, GONG K, HE S F, et al. Progress in la-ser Doppler velocity measurement techniques [J]. Laser & Infrared, 2010, 40(11): 6 (in Chinese).
[6] EPPINK J, YAO C S. Lensless particle image veloci-metry [J]. Experiments in Fluids, 2024, 65(5):1-8.
[7] HOLAGH S G, AHMED W H. Characterizing the development of gravity-driven slug flows using high-speed imaging and PIV-PLIF techniques [J]. Experi-mental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2025, 160:111334.
[8] LEPAGE L M, BARRETT M, BYRNE S, et al. Laser-induced fluorescence velocimetry for a hypersonic leading-edge separation [J]. Physics of Fluids, 2020, 32(3): 036103.
[9] RICHARD B M, WALTER R L, JOSEPH N F. Laser Rayleigh scattering [J]. Measurement Science and Technology, 2001, 12(5): R33-R51.
[10] ANDRADE A, WILLAMSON C O, STEGMEIER N W, et al. Hypersonic wake velocity measurements using acetone molecular tagging velocimetry [C]//Proceedings of AIAA Aviation Forum and Ascend. Las Vegas, 2024, AIAA 2024-4587.
[11] MICHAEL J B, EDWARDS M R, DOGARIU A, et al. Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging for quantitative velocity imaging in air[J]. Applied Optics, 2011, 50(26): 5158-5162.
[12] 殷一民, 陈爱国, 李猛, 等. 高超声速低密度风洞FLEET测速实验研究[J]. 力学学报, 2025, 57(2): 361-367.
YIN Y M, CHEN A G, LI M, et al. Velocity measure-ment in hypersonic low-density wind tunnel using FLEET[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2025, 57(2): 361-367 (in Chinese).
[13] 李宇鹏, 吴天舒, 栗继伟, 等. 基于飞秒激光电子激发标记(FLEET)的高超声速自由流速度测量[J]. 力学学报, 2025, 58(2): 416-423.
LI Y P, WU T S, LI J W, et al. Hypersonic freestream velocimetry using femtosecond laser electron excitation tagging (FLEET) [J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2025, 58(2): 416-423 (in Chinese).
[14] DOGARIU L E, DOGARIU A, MILES R B, et al. Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging veloc-imetry in a large-scale hypersonic facility[J]. AIAA Journal, 2019, 57(11): 4725-4737.
[15] GOPAL V, PALMQUIST D, MADDALENA L, et al. FLEET velocimetry measurements in the ONR-UTA arc-jet wind tunnel [J]. Experiments in Fluids, 2021, 62(10): 212.
[16] FISHER J M, CHYNOWETH B C, SMYSER M E, et al. Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging ve-locimetry in a Mach six quiet tunnel [J]. AIAA Journal, 2021, 59(2): 768-772.
[17] RODRIGUES N S, TYRRELL O K, RIEKEN E, et al. FLEET and PLIF velocimetry within a Mach 10 hypersonic air flow[C]//Proceedings of AIAA Scitech Forum. Orlando, 2024, AIAA2024-2323.
[18] DOGARIU A, DOGARIU L, SMITH MS, et al. Velocity and temperature measurements in Mach 18 nitrogen flow at tunnel 9[C]//AIAA SciTech Forum, 2021, AIAA2021-0020.
[19] DEAN T S, PEHRSON J C, BOWERSOX R D, et al. Expansion Tunnel Freestream Characterization Using Ultrafast Diagnostics[C]// Proceedings of AIAA Scitech Forum. Orlando, 2024, AIAA2024-2833.
[20] ZHANG Y B, RICHARDSON D R, BERESH S J, et al. Hypersonic wake measurements behind a slender cone using FLEET velocimetry[C]//Proceedings of AIAA Aviation Forum. Dallas, 2019. AIAA 2019-3381.
[21] 张大源, 李博, 高强, 等. 飞秒激光光谱技术在燃烧领域的应用[J]. 实验流体力学, 2018, 32(1): 1-10.
ZHANG D Y, LI B, GAO Q, et al. Application of femtosecond-laser spectrum technology in combustion field[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2018, 32(1): 1-10 (in Chinese).
[22] 陈爱国, 田颖, 王杰, 等. 高超声速风洞稀薄流场转动温度和振动温度测量研究[J]. 实验流体力学, 2025, 39(2): 46-53.
CHEN A G, TIAN Y, WANG J, et al. Measurement in-vestigation of rotational temperature and vibrational temperature in hypersonic wind tunnel rarefied flow field[J]. Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics, 2025, 39(2): 46-53. (in Chinese).
[23] 朱志峰, 李博, 高强, 等. 飞秒激光电子激发标记测速方法及其在超声速射流中的试验验证[J]. 空气动力学学报, 2020, 38(5): 880-886.
ZHU Z F, LI B, GAO Q, et al. Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging for velocity measurement in supersonic jet [J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2020, 38(5): 880-886. (in Chinese).
[24] CROSMER J, ZHOU T B, BOES K, et al. Characteri-zation of Uncertainty in FLEET Velocimetry for High-Speed Flows[C]// AIAA SciTech Forum, 2024, Orlando, AIAA 2024-2325.
[25] DOGARIU L E, DOGARIU A, MILES R B, et al. Non-intrusive hypersonic freestream and turbulent boundary-layer velocity measurements in AEDC tunnel 9 using FLEET[C]//Proceedings of 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Kissimmee, 2018: 1769.

Options

文章导航

模态框（Modal）标题

摘要

本文引用格式

Abstract

参考文献