航空部件在实际战场上通常会面临爆炸破片、枪弹等小尺寸高速侵彻体的威胁，提升其抗侵彻能力对于保障飞行器的安全服役具有重要意义。超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）织物因其轻质和超高强度，被广泛应用于弹道冲击防护领域。以UHMWPE平纹织物为研究对象，通过开展弹道冲击试验，结合细观数值模拟，系统探讨了弹丸形状、冲击速度以及侵彻角度对UHMWPE平纹织物抗弹道冲击性能以及破坏机制的影响。研究表明：UHMWPE平纹织物在弹道冲击下主要呈现十字形变形区域，伴随明显的金字塔形背凸；和球形弹丸相比，平头弹丸对织物的穿透能力更弱，对应的弹道极限速度更高。这是因为平头弹丸与织物的接触面积更大，在冲击过程中织物的变形范围更广，并产生以剪切冲塞为主的失效；而球形弹丸冲击时，织物中的纱线易发生滑移抽拔。平头弹丸侵彻角度会显著影响织物的冲击能量吸收，入射角度越大，织物的抗侵彻效果越差。研究不仅为阐明UHMWPE平纹织物的弹道冲击破坏机制提供了实证基础，同时也为高性能纤维织物的优化设计给予了重要的理论参考。

Aircraft components in real combat environments are frequently exposed to threats from high-speed penetrating projectiles such as explosive fragments and bullets. Enhancing their anti-penetration capability is critical to ensuring the safe operation of aircraft. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene （UHMWPE） fabric， renowned for its lightweight nature and exceptional strength， has been widely adopted in ballistic protection applications. This study focuses on UHMWPE plain weave fabrics， employing ballistic impact experiments and meso-scale numerical simulations to systematically investigate the effects of projectile geometry， impact velocity， and penetration angle on its ballistic resistance and damage mechanisms. The results reveal that UHMWPE plain weave fabrics subjected to ballistic impact primarily exhibit a cross-shaped deformation zone accompanied by a distinct pyramidal back protrusion. Compared to spherical projectiles， flat-nosed projectiles demonstrate lower penetration capability and a higher ballistic limit velocity. This is attributed to the larger contact area between flat-nosed projectiles and the fabric， which induces broader deformation zones and shear plugging-dominated failure. In contrast， spherical projectiles tend to cause yarn slippage and pull-out within the fabric. Additionally， the penetration angle of flat-nosed projectiles significantly influences the fabric’s energy absorption capacity. As the impact angle increases， the fabric’s anti-penetration performance deteriorates. This research provides critical insights into the ballistic failure mechanisms of UHMWPE plain weave fabric and offers a foundation for optimizing the design of high-performance fiber-based protective materials.