基于反向散射的定位技术：原理与挑战及航空场景应用
收稿日期: 2025-07-29
修回日期: 2025-09-11
录用日期: 2025-10-20
网络出版日期: 2025-10-30
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(U22B2004);国家自然科学基金(62221001);北京市自然科学基金(L222002);北京市自然科学基金(L244008)
Backscatter based localization technology: Principles, challenges and its aviation applications
Received date: 2025-07-29
Revised date: 2025-09-11
Accepted date: 2025-10-20
Online published: 2025-10-30
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22B2004);Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L222002)
反向散射通信作为无源物联网领域的新兴技术，通过调制并反射环境或专用射频信号实现数据传输，具备低功耗、低成本、易部署及易维护等核心优势。近年来，3GPP、CCSA等标准组织将无源物联网列为重点发展领域，着重提升无源感知与定位能力。基于该技术方向，反向散射技术正成为低成本定位系统的关键技术路径。聚焦于基于反向散射的定位技术，解析其低功耗通信原理，梳理技术发展脉络，并重点评述常用定位算法及其最新研究进展。在此基础上，探讨其面临的关键技术挑战，并阐述该技术在航空领域的应用，包括无人机物资配送与灾害搜救、民航机场行李追踪及地勤车辆定位等典型场景。
张陈鹏 , 艾渤 , 王公仆 , 刘铭 , 许荣涛 . 基于反向散射的定位技术：原理与挑战及航空场景应用[J]. 航空学报, 2026 , 47(3) : 632635 -632635 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2025.32635
Backscatter communication， an emerging technology in passive Internet of Things （IoT）， enables data transmission by modulating reflected ambient or dedicated radio frequency signals. It offers core advantages including ultra-low power consumption， low cost， easy deployment， and maintenance. In recent years， standards organizations such as 3GPP and CCSA have prioritized passive IoT development， with particular emphasis on advancing passive sensing and localization capabilities. Against this technical backdrop， backscatter technology has emerged as a critical solution for low-power positioning， leveraging its ultra-low power attributes in operational environments. This paper focuses specifically on backscatter positioning technology. We elucidate its low-power communication principles， trace its technical evolution， and provide a comprehensive review of prevalent localization algorithms alongside their latest research advances. Based on this foundation， the paper explores the critical technical challenges faced by this technology. Furthermore， significant application potential of backscatter localization within the aviation sector is highlighted， focusing on key scenarios such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle （UAV）-based material delivery and disaster search-and-rescue operations， as well as airline baggage tracking and ground vehicle positioning at civil aviation airports.
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