反向散射通信作为无源物联网领域的新兴技术，通过调制反射环境或专用射频信号实现数据传输，具备低功耗、低成本、易部署及易维护等核心优势。近年来，3GPP、CCSA等标准组织将无源物联网列为重点发展领域，着重提升无源感知与定位能力。基于该技术方向，反向散射技术正成为低成本定位系统的关键技术路径。本文聚焦于基于反向散射的定位技术，解析其低功耗通信原理，梳理技术发展脉络，并重点评述常用定位算法及其最新研究进展。在此基础上，探讨其面临的关键技术挑战，并阐述该技术在航空领域的应用，包括无人机物资配送与灾害搜救、民航机场行李追踪及地勤车辆定位等典型场景。

Backscatter communication, an emerging technology in passive Internet of Things (IoT), enables data transmission by modulating reflected ambient or dedicated radio frequency signals. It offers core advantages including ultra-low power consumption, low cost, easy deployment, and maintenance. Recently, standards organizations such as 3GPP and CCSA have prioritized passive IoT development, with particular emphasis on advancing passive sensing and localization capabilities. Against this technical backdrop, backscatter technology has emerged as a critical solution for low-power positioning, leveraging its ultra-low power attributes in operational environments. This paper focuses specifically on backscatter localization technology. We elucidate its low-power communication principles, trace its technical evolution, and provide a comprehensive review of prevalent localization algorithms alongside their latest research advances. Based on this foundation, the paper explores the critical technical challenges faced by this technology. Furthermore, it highlights the significant application potential of backscatter localization within the aviation sector, focusing on key scenarios such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based material delivery and disaster search-and-rescue operations, as well as airline baggage tracking and ground vehicle positioning at civil aviation airports.