针对空天飞行器多层异构结构在复杂服役环境下主动导波损伤监测的迫切需求，开展了多层异构结构的压电导波仿真研究，通过建立多物理场耦合的高精度仿真模型，揭示了导波在多层异构结构中的传播特性、衰减规律，为导波监测方法实现提供设计依据。建立了考虑材料衰减特性的多物理场耦合有限元模型，通过瑞利阻尼模拟黏弹性层对导波的衰减作用；优化多层异构结构的网格划分策略，以平衡计算精度与效率。实验验证表明，所提方法精准模拟了导波衰减行为、传播相位，显著提升了仿真准确性。在引入阻尼模型后，结构中对称（S₀）、反对称（A₀）模式幅值衰减误差分别从122.3%、78.1%降至3.4%、3.6%；网格优化使单元自由度减少66.6%的同时，相位误差控制在0.6%以内。该研究成果为空天多层异构结构的损伤监测提供了高精度仿真方法和理论依据，对保障飞行器安全服役具有重要工程价值。

To address the urgent demand for active guided wave damage monitoring of multilayer heterogeneous structures of aerospace vehicles under complex service conditions， we conduct a simulation study on piezoelectric guided waves in multilayer heterogeneous structures. By establishing a high-precision simulation model of multi-physics field coupling， the propagation characteristics and attenuation laws of guided waves in multilayer heterogeneous structures are revealed， which provides a design basis for the implementation of guided wave monitoring methods. Firstly， a multi-physics field coupling finite element model considering material attenuation characteristics is established， and the attenuation effect of viscoelastic layers on guided waves is simulated by Rayleigh damping. Secondly， the meshing strategy of multilayer heterogeneous structures is optimized to balance the calculation accuracy and efficiency. Experimental verification shows that the proposed method accurately simulates the attenuation behavior and propagation phase of guided waves， significantly improving the simulation accuracy. After introducing the damping model， the amplitude attenuation errors of S₀ and A₀ modes in the structure are reduced from 122.3% and 78.1% to 3.4% and 3.6% respectively； the mesh optimization reduces the element degrees of freedom by 66.6% while keeping the phase error within 0.6%. This research provides a high-precision simulation method and theoretical basis for damage monitoring of aerospace multilayer heterogeneous structures， which has important engineering value for ensuring the safe service of aerospace vehicles.