病菌在机舱内传播分析综述
收稿日期: 2015-05-04
修回日期: 2015-06-05
网络出版日期: 2015-09-29
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(11402307)
Overview of pathogen transmission in civil aircraft cabins
Received date: 2015-05-04
Revised date: 2015-06-05
Online published: 2015-09-29
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China (11402307)
自从近几年SARS和几起流感通过民航客机传播发生以来,病菌在相对密闭环境内交叉传播的研究显得越来越重要。肺结核、天花、麻疹、流感等可以通过感染者乘坐飞机从一个城市携带并传染给另一个城市的人,因此对病菌在机舱空间内的传播方式和途径进行了研究。病菌在机舱内传播的方式和途径主要包括直接接触传播、间接接触传播和空气传播。不同的研究方法被用来研究病菌在机舱内的乘客交叉传播模型、在空气中的扩散规律和乘客在经济舱、头等舱和商务舱受感染的概率等,这些研究病菌在机舱内传播扩散的方法主要有模拟实验测量方法、数值模拟方法和概率分析方法。本文主要阐述了研究病菌在机舱内传播的意义、病菌在机舱内传播的研究方法、取得的主要研究成果以及应用现状等;并重点介绍了3种主要的研究方法。最后, 总结了病菌在机舱内传播的研究进展以及有待解决的问题。
王光秋 , 汲生成 . 病菌在机舱内传播分析综述[J]. 航空学报, 2015 , 36(8) : 2577 -2587 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2015.0145
Indoor-cross infection of pathogen in relative enclosed environment has still been a concern since the SARS and recent cases of influenza spread with commercial international flights. It is proved that tuberculosis, smallpox, measles, SARS and seasonal influenza can be transmitted during commercial flights. The researchers investigate the pathogen transmission modes and transmission routes in civil aircraft cabins, as this is a key for developing relevant control strategies. These pathogen transmission modes and routes include direct contact transmission, indirection contact transmission and airborne transmission. A variety of methods can be utilized to investigate the pathogen cross-infection inside civil aircraft cabins, airborne transmission patterns and infection probability of passengers in economy class, first class and business class respectively. These methods mainly include experiments in laboratory, statistics methods and finally the computational fluid dynamics method. This paper basically presents the significance of the research on pathogen transmission civil aircraft cabins. And then it dedicates the research methods of pathogen transmission in civil aircraft cabins as well as the results and applications. Three different kinds of methods usually adopted are focused, including experiments in laboratory, statistics methods and finally the numerical simulations method. At the end of the paper, the discussions and conclusions are drawn.
[1] World Healthy Organisation. Tuberculosis and air travel: guidelines for prevention and control[M]. 3rd ed.[s.l.]: World Healthy Organisation, 2013.
[2] Acikgoz M B, Akay B, Miguel A F, et al. Airborne pathogens transport in an aircraft cabin[C]//Defect and Diffusion Forum, 2011, 312-315: 865-870.
[3] Mangili A, Gendreau M A. Transmission of infectious diseases during commercial air travel[J]. The Lancet, 2005, 365(9463): 989-996.
[4] Wagner B G, Coburn B J, Blower S. Calculating the potential for within-flight transmission of influenza A (H1N1)[J]. BMC Medicine, 2009, 7(81): 1-7.
[5] Chao C Y H, Wan M P, Morawska L, et al. Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2009, 40(2): 122-133.
[6] Gerencher C L. Research on the transmission of disease in airports and on aircraft[C]//Transportation Research Board Conference Proceeding 47. Washington, D. C.: Airport Cooperative Research Program Transportation Research Board, 2009.
[7] Mazumdar S, Poussou S B, Lin C H, et al. Impact of scaling and body movement on contaminant transport in airliner cabins[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(33): 6019-6028.
[8] Gupta J K, Lin C H, Chen Q. Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking[J]. Indoor Air, 2010, 20(1): 31-39.
[9] Gupta J K, Lin C H, Chen Q. Risk assessment for airborne infectious diseases in aircraft cabins[J]. Indoor Air, 2012, 22(5): 388-395.
[10] Duguid J P. The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei[J]. Journal of Hygiene, 1946, 44(6): 471-479.
[11] Shimada M, Okuyama K, Okazaki S, et al. Numerical simulation and experiment on the transport of fine particles in a ventilated room[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1996, 25(3): 242-255.
[12] Papineni R S, Rosenthal F S. The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects[J]. Journal of Aerosol Medicine, 1997, 10(2): 105-116.
[13] Morawska L, Johnson G R, Ristovski Z, et al. Size distribution and sites of origins of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2009, 40(3): 256-269.
[14] Hoppe P. Temperature of expired air under varying climatic conditions[J]. International Journal of Biometeor, 1981, 25(2): 127-132.
[15] Chen Q Y, McDevitt J J, Gupta J K, et al. Infectious disease transmission in airliner cabins, RITE-ACER-CoE-2012-01[R].[s.l.]: Airliner Cabin Environment Research, 2012.
[16] Nicas M, Nazaroff W W, Hubbard A. Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: emission of respirable pathogens[J]. Journal of Occupational Environmental Hygiene, 2005, 2(3): 143-154.
[17] Morawska L. Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection[J]. Indoor Air, 2006, 16(5): 335-347.
[18] Poussou S B, Mazumdar S, Plesniak M W, et al. Flow and contaminant transport in an airliner cabin induced by a moving body: model experiments and CFD prediction[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(24): 2830-2839.
[19] Zhu S, Kato S, Yang J H. Study on transport characteristics of saliva droplets produced by coughing in a calm indoor environment[J]. Building and Environment, 2006, 41(12): 1691-1702.
[20] Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang A, et al. Experimental characterization of airflows in aircraft cabins, Part 2: Results and research recommendations[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 2005, 111(2): 53-59.
[21] Kühn M, Bosbach J, Wagner C. Experimental parametric study of forced and mixed convection in a passenger aircraft cabin mock-up[J]. Building and Environment, 2009, 44(5): 961-970.
[22] Sandro T C, Marcelo L P, Arlindo T. A review of methods applied to study airborne biocontaminants inside aircraft cabins[J]. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 2011, 2011: 824591.
[23] Nielsen P V. Analysis and design of room air distribution systems[J]. HVAC & R Research, 2007, 13(6): 987-997.
[24] Sze To G N, Wan M P, Chao C Y H, et al. A methodology for estimating airborne virus wxposures in indoor environments using the spatial distribution of expiratory aerosols and virus viability characteristics[J]. Indoor Air, 2008, 18(5): 425-438.
[25] Wan M P, Sze To G N, Chao C Y H, et al. Modeling the fate of expiratory aerosols and the associated infection risk in an aircraft cabin environment[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2009, 43(4): 322-343.
[26] Wang Y, James P W. On the effect of anisotropy on the turbulent dispersion and disposition of small particles[J]. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1999, 25: 551-558.
[27] Zhai Z, Chen Q, Scanlon P W. Design of ventilation system for an indoor auto racing complex[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 2002, 108(1): 989-998.
[28] Ji S C, Ouahsine A, Smaoui H, et al. 3D numerical modeling of sediment resuspension induced by the compounding effects of ship-generated waves and the ship propeller[J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2014, 140(6): 706-714.
[29] Brohus H, Balling K D, Jeppesen D. Influence of movements on contaminant transport in an operating room[J]. Indoor Air, 2006, 16(5): 356-372.
[30] Axley J. Multizone airflow modeling in buildings: history and theory[J]. HVAC & R Research, 2007, 13(6): 907-928.
[31] Zhang G Q, Lin Y, Haghighat F. Comparison and methodologies for room airflow simulation and study on a kind of Zonal model[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2000, 8(3): 291-300 (in Chinese). 张国强, Lin Y, Haghighat F. 室内气流模拟方法比较及一种新的Zonal模型方法研究[J]. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 2000, 8(3): 291-300.
[32] Li Y G, Huang X, Yu I T S, et al. Role of air distribution in SARS transmission during the largest nosocomial outbreak in Hong Kong[J]. Indoor Air, 2005, 15(2): 83-95.
[33] Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, et al. Transmission of influenza A in human beings[J]. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2007, 7(4): 257-265.
[34] Killingley B. Routes of transmission of influenza virus: Scientific evidence base review[R]. London: Department of Health, 2011.
[35] Li Y. The secret behind the mask[J]. Indoor Air, 2011, 21(2): 89-91.
[36] Moser M R, Bender T R, Margolis H S, et al. An outbreak of influenza aboard a commercial airliner[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1979, 110(1): 1-6.
[37] Han K, Zhu X P, He F, et al. Lack of airborne eransmission during outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among tour group Members, China, June 2009[J]. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2009, 15(10): 1578-1581.
[38] Atkinson M P, Wein L M. Quantifying the routes of transmission for pandemic influenza[J]. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 2008, 70(3): 820-867.
[39] Nicas M, Sun G. An integrated model of infection risk in a health-care environment[J]. Risk Analysis, 2006, 26(4): 1085-1096.
[40] Bollobàs B. Random graphs[M]. New York: Springer, 1998.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
CJA