ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA >
Analysis method of helicopter blade erosion in brownout condition
Received date: 2024-07-30
Revised date: 2024-08-30
Accepted date: 2024-09-19
Online published: 2024-10-08
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172165);Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20211259);Outstanding Young Backbone Teacher Project of Jiangsu Qinglan Project
The behavior of helicopter brownout endangers flight safety， induces rotor blade erosion， and reduces its performance. An analysis method of helicopter blade erosion in brownout condition is then proposed. In this method， variations of the sand cloud are simulated by a helicopter brownout model based on a viscous vortex particle method and a discrete element method， a collision and erosion models between blade and sand cloud are coupled， and the characteristics of blade erosion with high velocity is also considered. This work compares with experimental data of plane erosion with different impact velocities， impact angles， and materials， including nickel， SS304 stainless steel， bidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy （CF/EP）， Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy （GF/EP）， Polyurethane （PU）， and Ti-6Al-4V titanium， to validate the accuracy of the present method. The characteristics of blade erosion for the EH-60L helicopter in brownout condition is then analyzed， and the influence of flight speed on the blade erosion is also investigated. As time increases， the collision between the blade and the sand cloud， the blade erosion， and the rotor erosion zone significantly increases in helicopter brownout condition. Furthermore， the erosion in blade tip is significantly worse than inner blade due to the longer exposure time， larger impact velocity and angle. Additionally， the blade erosion and the rotor erosion zone increase firstly and then reduce with increasing flight speed.
Jianfeng TAN , Yuze YAN , Weiguo ZHANG , Yakui LIU , Tianshuang SHAO . Analysis method of helicopter blade erosion in brownout condition[J]. ACTA AERONAUTICAET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 2025 , 46(9) : 431012 -431012 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2024.31012
| 1 | MILLER J， GODFROY-COOPER M， SZOBOSZLAY Z. Degraded Visual Environment Mitigation （DVE-M） program， bumper RADAR obstacle cueing flight trials 2020［C］∥ Vertical Flight Society’s 77th Annual Forum & Technology Display. Washington，D.C.： AHS，2021： 1-31. |
| 2 | TAKAHASHI M D， FUJIZAWA B T， LUSARDI J A， et al. Autonomous guidance and flight control on a partial-authority black hawk helicopter［J］. Journal of Aerospace Information Systems， 2021， 18（10）： 686-701. |
| 3 | U.S.ARMY， Devcom Aviation&Missile Center. Degraded Visual Environment Mitigation （DVE-M）［EB/OL］. （2020-10-17）［2024-07-30］. |
| 4 | ?ZEN ?， GEDIKLI H， ?ZTüRK B. Improvement of solid particle erosion resistance of helicopter rotor blade with hybrid composite shield［J］. Engineering Failure Analysis， 2021， 121： 105175. |
| 5 | HAEHNEL R B， MOULTON M A， WENREN W， et al. A model to simulate rotorcraft-induced brownout［C］?∥ Proceedings of the 64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society. Washington， D.C.： AHS， 2008： 589-601. |
| 6 | ROVERE F， BARAKOS G N， STEIJL R. Comparison between Eulerian and Lagrangian methods to predict brownout clouds［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2023， 137： 108306. |
| 7 | PHILLIPS C， BROWN R E. Eulerian simulation of the fluid dynamics of helicopter brownout［J］. Journal of Aircraft， 2009， 46（4）： 1416-1429. |
| 8 | ROVERE F， BARAKOS G， STEIJL R. Safety analysis of rotors in ground effect［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2022， 129： 107655. |
| 9 | GOVINDARAJAN B M， LEISHMAN J G. Predictions of rotor and rotor/airframe configurational effects on brownout dust clouds［J］. Journal of Aircraft， 2016， 53（2）： 545-560. |
| 10 | TAN J F， GAO J E， BARAKOS G N， et al. Novel approach to helicopter brownout based on vortex and discrete element methods［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2021， 116： 106839. |
| 11 | 胡健平， 徐国华， 史勇杰， 等. 基于CFD-DEM耦合数值模拟的全尺寸直升机沙盲形成机理［J］. 航空学报， 2020， 41（3）： 123363. |
| HU J P， XU G H， SHI Y J， et al. Formation mechanism of brownout in full-scale helicopter based on CFD-DEM couplings numerical simulation［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2020， 41（3）： 123363 （in Chinese）. | |
| 12 | TAN J F， GE Y Y， ZHANG W G， et al. Numerical study on helicopter brownout with crosswind［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2022， 131： 107965. |
| 13 | GOVINDARAJAN B， LEISHMAN J G， GUMEROV N A. Evaluation of particle clustering algorithms in the prediction of brownout dust clouds［C］∥ Presented at the 67th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society. Washington， D.C.： AHS， 2011： 325-347. |
| 14 | TAN J F， YON T， HE L， et al. Accelerated method of helicopter brownout with particle-particle collisions［J］. Aerospace Science and Technology， 2022， 124： 107511. |
| 15 | LIN H Y， XU C H， JIANG C W， et al. Finite particle approach for high-fidelity simulation on helicopter brownout［J］. AIAA Journal， 2024， 62（1）： 193-208. |
| 16 | LIN N， ARABNEJAD H， SHIRAZI S A， et al. Experimental study of particle size， shape and particle flow rate on erosion of stainless steel［J］. Powder Technology， 2018， 336： 70-79. |
| 17 | HARSHA A P， JHA S K. Erosive wear studies of epoxy-based composites at normal incidence［J］. Wear， 2008， 265（7-8）： 1129-1135. |
| 18 | CAI F， GAO F， PANT S， et al. Solid particle erosion behaviors of carbon-fiber epoxy composite and pure titanium［J］. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance， 2016， 25（1）： 290-296. |
| 19 | 谭剑锋， 周天熠， 王畅， 等. 旋翼地面效应的气动建模与特性［J］. 航空学报， 2019， 40（6）： 122602. |
| TAN J F， ZHOU T Y， WANG C， et al. Aerodynamic model and characteristics of rotor in ground effect［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2019， 40（6）： 122602 （in Chinese）. | |
| 20 | TAN J F， CAI J G， BARAKOS G N， et al. Computational study on the aerodynamic interference between tandem rotors and nearby obstacles［J］. Journal of Aircraft， 2020， 57（3）： 456-468. |
| 21 | 谭剑锋， 何龙， 于领军， 等. 基于黏性涡粒子/沙粒DEM的直升机沙盲建模［J］. 航空学报， 2022， 43（8）： 125536. |
| TAN J F， HE L， YU L J， et al. Helicopter brownout modeling based on viscous vortex particle and sand particle DEM［J］. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica， 2022， 43（8）： 125536 （in Chinese）. | |
| 22 | 谭剑锋， 杨宇霄， 张卫国 等. 侧风对直升机沙盲特性影响［J］. 北京航空航天大学学报， 2024， 50（10）： 1-12. |
| TAN J F， YANG Y X， ZHANG， W G， et al. Influence of crosswind on the helicopter brownout［J］. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics， 2024， 50（10）： 1-12 （in Chinese）. | |
| 23 | 谭剑锋， 韩水， 王畅， 等. 基于DEM的直升机沙盲加速计算方法［J］. 北京航空航天大学学报， 2023， 49（6）： 1352-1361. |
| TAN J F， HAN S， WANG C， et al. Accelerated computational method of helicopter brownout based on DEM［J］. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics， 2023， 49（6）： 1352-1361 （in Chinese）. | |
| 24 | FINNIE I， MCFADDEN D H. On the velocity dependence of the erosion of ductile metals by solid particles at low angles of incidence［J］. Wear， 1978， 48（1）： 181-190. |
| 25 | OKA Y I， OKAMURA K， YOSHIDA T. Practical estimation of erosion damage caused by solid particle impact［J］. Wear， 2005， 259： 95-101. |
| 26 | OKA Y I， YOSHIDA T. Practical estimation of erosion damage caused by solid particle impact［J］. Wear， 2005， 259： 102-109. |
| 27 | GRANT G， TABAKOFF W. An experimental investigation of the erosive characteristics of 2024 Aluminum alloy［D］. Cincinnati： University of Cincinnati， 1973： 1-41. |
| 28 | YAN C， CHEN W， ZHAO Z H， et al. A probability prediction model of erosion rate for Ti-6Al-4V on high-speed sand erosion［J］. Powder Technology， 2020， 364： 373-381. |
| 29 | DAVIES D P， JENKINS S L. Influence of forming method on the tensile and fatigue properties of Ti-6Al-4V sheet for helicopter erosion shield applications［J］. Materials & Design， 2012， 33： 254-263. |
| 30 | WONG O D， TANNER P E. Photogrammetric measurements of an EH-60L brownout cloud［J］. Journal of the American Helicopter Society， 2016， 61（1）： 1-10. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
CJA