航天运输系统已支撑我国完成了载人航天和探月工程等多项航天重大工程任务，在未来高密度发射和航班化需求愈发强烈的大背景下，对运载火箭的研制效率、适应能力、综合性能等方面提出了更高的要求。控制技术能够在这一发展进程中发挥重要作用，并且从理论方法层面持续创新控制技术，相较于其他技术途径是十分经济高效的解决方案。本文从三个方面归纳了航天运输系统控制技术面临的前沿难题，包括制导与轨迹规划一体化设计、全域不确定下的强适应控制、以及面向低温流体传输的主动流型控制等。针对前两项技术，讨论了其内涵、必要性、在长征火箭中的研究应用现状以及未来的发展方向；针对第三项技术，提出了基于多学科交叉解决方案下自主控制的技术路线。本文提出的这些挑战由于没有好的解决方案而曾一直被忽视，限制了火箭性能的进一步提升；通过技术的突破，将有望推动航天运输系统的发展跃上新台阶。

Space transportation systems have supported China in completing numerous major space engineering projects, including manned spaceflight and lunar exploration missions. Facing the intense demands for future launches and the necessity of scheduled space transportation, there is a growing need for launch vehicles with higher development efficiency, greater adaptability, and improved comprehensive performance. Control technologies can play a significant role in this development process, and continuously innovating at the theoretical method level is a very cost-effective solution compared to other technical approaches. The paper highlights three key challenges in space transportation system control technology: the integrated design of guidance and trajectory planning, strong adaptive control in the face of global uncertainty, and active flow pattern control in cryogenic fluid transmission. For the first two technologies, their conceptual connotations, necessity, research and application status in the Long March launch vehicles, and future prospects are discussed. For the third technology, a technical roadmap for autonomous control based on multidisciplinary crossover solutions is proposed. These challenges have long been neglected due to the lack of good solutions, which has limited the further improvement of launch vehicle performance. With these technological breakthroughs, we anticipate a significant advancement in space transportation systems.