Ionospheric gradient is the major risk source to be monitored at the atmospheric segment for the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) joint precision approach and landing system. The phase observations collected from multiple short-baseline reference receivers installed on the aircraft carrier are always leveraged to monitor the ionospheric gradient. The topologies of reference receivers determine the sensitivity of ionospheric gradient monitoring. The limitation due to the carrier's moving deck and the incorrect ambiguity fixing, simultaneously, the ionospheric gradient monitoring sensitivity based on the traditional planar topologies is inevitably reduced. Therefore, a spatial reference receivers’ topologies design method is proposed. By constructing a cost function representing the dead-zone of ionospheric gradient monitoring, the topologies of reference receivers can be adjusted based on the constructed cost function to reduce the monitoring dead-zone, thereby improving the sensitivity of ionospheric gradient monitoring during the precise approach phase. Additionally, a suboptimal spatial topology of reference receivers, considering the constraints of attitude changes, has been proposed to meet the installation requirements of the carrier. Simulation results show that the monitoring sensitivity of the proposed regular tetrahedron topology can be immune to attitude changes when the ambiguity is correctly fixed. Furthermore, when compared with the traditional planar square topology, the designed suboptimal spatial topologies can reduce the monitoring dead-zone by 39.32%.
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