电动垂直起降飞行器的技术现状与发展
收稿日期: 2023-12-04
修回日期: 2023-12-12
录用日期: 2024-01-11
网络出版日期: 2024-03-21
基金资助
国家级项目
Technical status and development of electric vertical take⁃off and landing aircraft
Received date: 2023-12-04
Revised date: 2023-12-12
Accepted date: 2024-01-11
Online published: 2024-03-21
Supported by
National Level Project
电池、电机技术的进步和分布式电推进系统的应用极大促进了电动垂直起降飞行器的发展。本文概述了不同电动垂直起降飞行器构型优缺点及适用场景，并从性能、经济性等方面对电动垂直起降飞行器与常规燃油飞行器进行了全面对比。在噪声特性方面，电动垂直起降飞行器旋翼间、旋翼-机翼等干扰噪声更为突出，而低桨尖速度、大实度的电推进旋翼系统极大降低了全机噪声水平（噪声降低约15 dB）。在能源方面，锂离子电池是当前和未来电动垂直起降飞行器的主要能源；先进的电池材料体系、电池-机体结构一体化设计及优良的电池管理系统是未来提升全机能量密度和能源安全的有效方式。电动垂直起降飞行器冗余操纵特点增加了飞控系统设计难度，但同时也能够提高全机安全性；故障重构与协同控制是飞控系统设计面临的新课题。电动垂直起降飞行器不仅构型种类丰富且具有高压电动力、电推进、电传飞控、电作动等新颖设计特征，当前缺少试飞数据的情况下，基于系统的工程方法是开展其安全性设计的主要方法。
邓景辉 . 电动垂直起降飞行器的技术现状与发展[J]. 航空学报, 2024 , 45(5) : 529937 -529937 . DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2023.29937
The development of electric Vertical Take-off and Landing （eVTOL） aircraft is greatly promoted for the advances in battery and motor technologies and the application of distributed electric propulsion system. In this paper， the advantages and disadvantages of different eVTOL configurations and their application scenarios are summarized， and a comprehensive comparison between eVTOL and conventional fuel aircraft is made in terms of performance， noise and cost. The interaction noise by rotors and rotor-wing is more prominent for eVTOL， but the electric propulsion rotor system with low tip speed and large rotor solidity greatly reduces its noise level （about a reduction of 15 dB）. Lithium-ion batteries are the main energy source for current and future eVTOL. The advanced battery material system， integrated design of battery-structure and excellent battery management system are effective ways to improve the energy density and energy security of the whole aircraft in the future. The redundant manipulation of eVTOL increases the difficulty of flight control system design， but improves the safety of the whole aircraft at the same time. Fault reconstruction and collaborative control are new challenges faced by eVTOL. A wide variety of configurations and novel design features such as high voltage power， electric propulsion， flight-by-wire flight system and electric actuation are proposed for eVTOLs. In the absence of flight test data， the system-based method is the main method for safety design of eVTOL.
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