To meet the detailed slot-inlet-layout design requirement for the top-surface of an infrared-suppressor-integrated rear airframe, we propose four schemes by changing the slot-inlet locations and areas. Based on the simplified main-rotor downwash and tail-rotor flow models, numerical simulations are performed regarding the conjugated flow and heat transfer around the rear airframe. A forward-backward ray-tracing method is used to calculate the infrared radiation spatial-distribution in 3-5 μm and 8-14 μm bands. The current study illustrates preliminarily the effects of slot-inlet layouts on the internal flow organization and infrared radiation characteristics of an infrared-suppressor-integrated rear airframe. The results show that the impact roles of the main-rotor downwash on the exhaust plumes are distinct on both sides of the rear airframe. The presence of the tail-rotor flow aggravates the local heating effect of the exhaust flow on the exhaust-outlet nearby the rear airframe. The slot-inlet position affects the through-flow mass flow rate of the rotor downwash entering the rear airframe and the internal flow fields inside the rear airframe. When the slot-inlet is located far away from the central plane of the rear airframe, the through-flow mass flow rate is relatively smaller. However, when the slot-inlet is located near the central plane of the rear airframe, the flow in the local space between the mixing duct and the rear airframe wall is seriously weakened, leading to a local high-temperature zone. Enlarging the slot-inlet area helps to reduce the hot spots at the rear airframe, yet leads to an obvious increase of the infrared radiation emitting in the top direction. Therefore, the location and the area of the slot-inlet are identified as important geometric parameters affecting the internal flow organization and infrared radiation characteristics of an infrared-suppressor-integrated rear airframe. A proper internal flow organization could provide a more efficient cooling on the mixing duct and thermal protection on the rear airframe surface, improving the infrared radiation spatial-distribution in 3-5 μm and 8-14 μm bands.
[1] PATERSON J. Overview of low observable technology and its effects on combat aircraft survivability[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 1999, 36(2):380-388.
[2] RAO G A, MAHULIKAR S P. New criterion for aircraft susceptibility to infrared guided missiles[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2005, 9(8):701-712.
[3] MAHULIKAR S P, SONAWANE H R, RAO G A. Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles[J]. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2007, 43(7-8):218-245.
[4] BARLOW B, PETACH A. Advanced design infrared suppressor for turbo-shaft engines[C]//Proceedings of the 33rd Annual National Forum of the American Helicopter Society, 1977.
[5] THOMPSON J, BIRK A M, CUNNINGHAM M. Design of infrared signature suppressor for the Bell 205(UH-1H) helicopters, Part I:Aerothermal design[C]//Proceedings of Seventh CASI Propulsion Symposium, 1999.
[6] PONTON T, WARNES G. Helicopter IRS engine integration for the "FIRST" technology demonstratorprogramme:GT2007-27408[R]. New York:ASME, 2007.
[7] ZHANG J Z, PAN C X, SHAN Y. Progress in helicopter infrared signature suppression[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2014, 27(2):189-199.
[8] TOULMAY F. Internal aerodynamics of infrared suppressors for helicopter engines[J]. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 1988, 33(4):4-14.
[9] ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y, LI L G. Computation and validation of parameter effects on lobed mixer-ejector performances[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2005, 18(3):193-198.
[10] PAN C X, SHAN Y, ZHANG J Z. Parametric effects on internal aerodynamics of lobed mixer-ejector with curved mixing duct[J]. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 2014, 136(6):061504.
[11] BARIK A K, DASH S K, PATRO P, et al. Experimental and numerical investigation of air entrainment into a louvred funnel[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2014, 48:176-185.
[12] PRESZ W M, MORIN B L, GOUSY R G. Forced mixer lobes in ejector designs[J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 1988, 4(4):350-355.
[13] LIU Y H. Experimental and numerical research on high pumping performance mechanism of lobed exhauster-ejector mixer[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2007, 34(2):197-209.
[14] 张靖周, 单勇, 李立国. 直升机排气系统用波瓣喷管引射-混合式红外抑制器研究[J]. 航空学报, 2007, 28(1):32-36. ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y, LI L G. Investigation on lobed nozzle mixer-ejector infrared suppressor for helicopter exhaust system[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2007, 28(1):32-36(in Chinese).
[15] 单勇, 张靖周. 波瓣喷管/气膜冷却混合管气动和红外辐射特性实验[J]. 航空学报, 2008, 29(2):309-314. SHAN Y, ZHANG J Z. Experimental on aerodynamic and infrared radiation characteristics of lobed nozzle/film cooling mixing duct[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2008, 29(2):309-314(in Chinese).
[16] BETTINI C, CRAVERO C, COGLIANDRO S. Multidisciplinary analysis of a complete infrared suppression system:GT2007-27721[R]. New York:ASME, 2007.
[17] 潘丞雄, 张靖周, 单勇. 直升机机身表面温度场建模与数值分析[J]. 航空学报, 2011, 32(2):249-256. PAN C X, ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y. Modeling and analysis of helicopter skin temperature distribution[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2011, 32(2):249-256(in Chinese).
[18] PAN C X, ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y. Effects of exhaust temperature on helicopter infrared signature[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 51(1-2):529-538.
[19] LI Y Q, XUAN Y M. Thermal characteristics of helicopters based on integrated fuselage structure/engine model[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, 115:102-114.
[20] KANDEBO S W. Boeing Sikorsky findings underscore RAH-66 stealth[J]. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 1993, 139(3):22-23.
[21] 唐正府, 张靖周, 单勇. 波瓣喷管-狭长出口弯曲混合管引射混合特性分析[J]. 航空动力学报, 2005, 20(6):978-982. TANG Z F, ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y. Investigation on ejecting and mixing characteristics of lobed nozzle with curved mixing duct and slot exit[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2005,20(6):978-982(in Chinese).
[22] 唐正府, 张靖周, 王先炜, 等. 排气系统与尾机身一体化红外抑制器实验分析[J]. 航空动力学报, 2007, 22(2):233-237. TANG Z F, ZHANG J Z, WANG X W, et al. Experimental research on infrared suppressor integrating the exhaust system with the tail part of a helicopter[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2007,22(2):233-237(in Chinese).
[23] 任利锋, 张靖周, 王先炜, 等. 直升机后机身内埋式红外抑制器隐身性能分析[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2011, 40(11):2091-2097. REN L F, ZHANG J Z, WANG X W, et al. Analysis of stealth properties on IR radiation suppressor embed inside helicopter rear airframe[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2011, 40(11):2091-2097(in Chinese).
[24] PAN C X, ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y. Modeling and analysis of helicopter thermal and infrared radiation[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2011, 24(5):558-567.
[25] PAN C X, ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y. Effects of exhaust temperature on helicopter infrared signature[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013, 51(1-2):529-538.
[26] 蒋坤宏, 张靖周, 单勇, 等. 一体化红外抑制器遮挡和出口修型对后机身表面温度和红外辐射特性的影响[J]. 航空学报, 2020, 41(2):123497. JIANG K H, ZHANG J Z, SHAN Y, et al. Effects of sheltering and outlet shaping on surface temperature and infrared radiation characteristics of rear airframe with an integrating infrared suppressor[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2020, 41(2):123497(in Chinese).
[27] ZHOU Z Y, HUANG J, WANG J J. Radar/infrared integrated stealth optimization design of helicopter engine intake and exhaust system[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2019, 95:105483.