For autonomous navigation of spacecraft, especially in deep space exploration, a novel type of astronomical measurement information of the solar disk velocity difference is proposed. Utilizing the characteristics of the different velocities of the solar disk caused by the solar differential rotation, this information is a function of the current position of the explorer, with its geometric essence being a position cone of the explorer. Based on this and the physical law that the velocity difference of the solar disk and the line-of-sight vector of the sun complement each other, a novel navigation method integrating the solar disk velocity difference and the sun direction is proposed. It combines the two measurements of the velocity difference of the solar disk and the sun direction to achieve mutual complementation and further improve the navigation performance. This study uses the solar explorer as an example for simulation, and the results show that the accuracy of the combined navigation method is improved by 10.2% and 16.0% respectively compared with the navigation methods of using the solar disk velocity difference or the line-of-sight vector of sun alone. In addition, the impact of the spectrometer accuracy, the sampling time, and the number of spectrometers on the navigation performance is analyzed, providing a new approach to autonomous navigation of deep space exploration.
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